Misinformation leads to increasing COVID-19 stigma in sub-Saharan Africa

Save the Children assessments of over 3000 people find stigmatisation of COVID-19 risks hindering efforts to slow the spread of the virus

Several rapid assessments carried out by Save the Children in April, along with increasing anecdotal reports from staff, indicate that misinformation around how COVID-19 spreads is a concerning barrier to reducing infection rates of the disease. 

Prejudice against those affected by the virus, including frontline health workers and diaspora communities and their families, is contributing to stigmatisation across sub-Saharan Africa and discouraging people from seeking healthcare if they develop symptoms. 

The assessments found that:

• In Somalia of more than 3,000 people surveyed, 42% of respondents said they believed COVID-19 was a government campaign and around three quarters said that while they had heard of the virus, they did not feel they knew enough about it. 27% felt COVID-19 generated a stigma against specific minority groups in their community. Of these 32%, also felt it stigmatised all foreigners. [1]
• In Tanzania, an assessment of 121 people revealed that 86% thought that COVID-19 generates stigma against particular groups [2].
• In Zambia, a rapid assessment of 400 people found that while 57% of participants expressed an accurate understanding of how COVID-19 is contracted, most respondents had been exposed to inaccurate information, with 69% incorrectly saying that daily tooth-brushing prevented COVID-19. It also found that 43% believed that drinking alcohol could prevent transmission. [3]

These findings reflect recent findings from the Africa Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, which found that while COVID-19 awareness is high across the continent, significant misconceptions exist. These include 55.8% of people believing that you should avoid people who have recovered from COVID-19 to prevent the spread of the disease [4].

Save the Children fears that people who have had COVID-19 and their families could be at risk of similar levels of stigmatisation as those seen during the 2014-16 and 2018 Ebola outbreaks on the continent. During those epidemics, several people who had recovered from Ebola and their families were expelled from their community, and humanitarian workers were attacked. In addition, some children who lost parents to Ebola were reportedly shunned by their community and ended up living on the streets.

Save the Children is also concerned about the longer-term impact of misinformation and COVID-19 stigmatisation, including the potential breakdown of social cohesion and trust within communities.

Aissata Bocoum, 24, a youth human rights advocate from Mali, said:  

“A friend shared with me her feelings following the death of her uncle, who had just came back from a Western country and was suspected of having COVID-19. While she was trying to cope with her pain and grief, people she had been with at the funeral kept calling her to find out whether she had the disease too. She felt harassed. She felt they didn't care about her and the painful time she was going through, but were only worried about being infected by her. Many of her friends and people who knew her ostracized her; she became the person to avoid. Eventually, the results showed her uncle was not even carrying the virus.” 

Eric Hazard, Save the Children’s pan-African Campaign and Policy Director, said: 

“There are deeply concerning patterns emerging that are reminiscent of the stigmatization of people with Ebola, and before that, HIV and AIDS. Misinformation and myths about COVID-19 could delay the introduction and uptake of measures designed to slow and mitigate the spread of disease, which could see it spread faster, moving silently and hidden in communities. When communities receive the wrong information about an illness, it creates fear – in this case of others - and fear can lead to stigma, isolation, poorer health outcomes on individual and societal levels, and in some cases, violence. 

“Children whose family members believed to have contracted, or recovered from COVID-19, and those from minority groups in their communities, are particularly vulnerable. We have already heard of cases where people are afraid to return to their communities because they fear being targeted as potential COVID-19 carriers.”

Save the Children’s teams are working with local community leaders to promote awareness of factual information and dispel myths and inaccurate rumours about COVID-19 among communities, as well as providing support on practices that can be adapted to local contexts to detect and manage cases of COVID-19. We are also engaging in community sensitisation to minimise stigma of children and families affected by COVID-19, that could increase their vulnerability to abuse and sexual and gender-based violence.

Save the Children is calling on governments and donors to invest in more widespread, proactive community engagement across Sub-Saharan Africa to dispel myths and misinformation about the new coronavirus. Efforts must be made to reduce stigmatisation of people who have had or who are suspected of having COVID-19, such as those who have spent time in quarantine or who have come from overseas.

To support Save the Children’s global COVID-19 emergency appeal, click here.

For more information and to arrange interviews, please contact:

• Daphnee Cook in Australia: +254 717 524 904 [WhatsApp] daphnee.cook@savethechildren.org
• Rik Goverde in London: Rik.Goverde@savethechildren.org   [M] +44 (0) 7732 602 301
• During out of office hours: media@savethechildren.org.uk [M] +44 7831 650409

Multimedia content of one of Save the Children's girl champions in Mali, Aissata, 24, who has been advocating for girl's rights since she was 11 years old is available here. Aissata will be available for interviews in French only.

NOTES TO EDITORS

[1] In April 2020, Save the Children ran a rapid assessment survey of 3,600 people from a randomised list of Save the Children beneficiaries in Somalia, using the Risk Communication and Community Engagement (RCCE) assessment framework developed by the WHO. The sample was distributed between survey areas proportionate to total number of beneficiaries; accordingly, 1,680, 840, and 1,080, individuals were tar¬geted in Southern States (SS), Puntland (PL), and Somaliland (SL) respectively.

[2] Save the Children Risk Communication and Community Engagement (RCCE) of 121 respondents in affected communities and at risk areas in Tanzania.

[3] Save the Children Rapid Needs Assessment of 400 adult men and women from four chiefdoms of Lufwanyama District, Zambia.

[4] Figures from ‘Using data to find a balance’ from the Africa Centre for Disease Prevention and Control.